Literature cited

Andersen, S., Burnetll, G. & Bergh, O. 2000. Flow-through systems for culturing great scallop larvae. Aquaculture International, 8: 249–257.

Ansell, A.D. 1961. Reproduction, growth and mortality of Venus striatula (da Costa) in Kames Bay, Millport. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 41: 191–215.
Barber, B. & Blake, N.J. 1983. Growth and reproduction of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) at its southern distributional limit. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 66: 247–256.
Bayne, B.L. 1965. Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of Mytilus edulis (L.). Ophelia, 2(1): 1–47.
Bayne, B.L. 1983. Physiological ecology of marine molluscan larvae. In The Mollusca. Verdonk, N.H., Van den Biggelaar, J.A.M. & Tompa, A.S., eds. Vol. 3, Development. New York, Academic Press. pp. 299–343.
Beaumont, A. R. & Budd, M.D. 1983. Effects of self-fertilization and other factors on the early development of the scallop Pecten maximus. Mar. Biol., 76: 285–289.
Blake, N.J. & Moyer, M.A. 1991. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, fishery of Cape Canaveral, Florida. In Scallops: Biology, Ecology, and Aquaculture. S. Shumway, ed. Elsevier, New York. pp. 899–909.

Bourne, N. & Hodgson, C.A. 1991. Development of a viable nursery system for scallop culture. In International Compendium of Scallop Biology and Culture. S. Shumway & P. Sandifer, eds. The World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. pp 273–280.
Bourne, N., Hodgson, C.A. & Whyte, J.N.C. 1989. A manual for scallop culture in British Columbia. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. No. 1694. 215 pp.
Brown, N. & Robert, R. 2002. Preparation and assessment of microalgal concentrates as feeds for larval and juvenile Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 207: 289–309.
Brown, M.R. 1991. The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16 species of microalgae used in mariculture. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 145: 79–99.
Brown, M.R., Jeffrey, S.W., Volkman, J.K. & Dunstan, G.A. 1997. Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture, 151: 315–331.
Brown, M.R., Garland, C.D., Jeffrey, S.W., Jameson, I.D. & Leroi, J.N. 1993. The gross and amino acid compositions of batch and semi-continuous cultures of Isochrysis sp. (clone T-Iso), Pavlova lutheri and Nannochloropsis oculata. J. Appl. Phycol., 5: 285–296.
Burke, R.D. 1983. The induction of metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae: stimulus and response. Can. J. Zool., 61: 1701–1719.
Cary, S.C., Leighton, D.L. & Phleger, C.F. 1981. Food and feeding strategies in culture of larval and early juvenile purple-hinge rock scallops, Hinnites multirugosus (Gale). J. World Maricul. Soc., 12(1): 156–169.
Chu, F.E., Webb, K., Hepworth, D. & Casey, B. 1987. Metamorphosis of larvae of Crassostrea virginica fed microencapsulated diets. Aquaculture, 64: 185–197.
Costello, T.J., Harold Hudson, J., Dupuy, J.L. & Rivkin, S. 1973. Larval culture of the calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association, 63: 72–76.
Coutteau, P. & Sorgeloos, P. 1992. The use of algal substitutes and the requirement for live algae in the hatchery and nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs: an international survey. J. Shellfish Res., 11: 467–476.
Couturier, C., Dabinett, P. & Lanteigne, M. 1996. Scallop culture in Atlantic Canada. In Cold-Water Aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. A.D. Boghen, ed. Second Edition. University of Moncton, Moncton, N.B., Canada. pp. 297–340.
Cragg, S.M. & Crisp, D.J. 1991. The biology of scallop larvae. In Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. S. Shumway, ed. pp. 75–127.
Crisp, D.J. 1974. Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. In: Chemoreception in marine organisms. Grant, P.T. & Mackie, A.M., eds. Academic Press, London. pp.177­–277.
Culliney, J.L. 1974. Larval development of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole). 147: 321­–332.
Dabinett, P., Caines, J. & Crocker, K. 1999. Hatchery production of sea scallop spat (Placopecten magellanicus) in Newfoundland, Canada. In Book of Abstracts. 12th International Pectinid Workshop 5–11 May 1999. Bergen, Norway. pp. 63–64.
Davis, H.C. & Guillard, R.R. 1948. Relative value of ten genera of microorganisms as foods for oyster and clam larvae. Fish. Bull. U.S., 58: 293–304.
Davis, J.P. & Campbell, C.R. 1998. The use of a Shizochytrium based HUFA enriched dry feed for culturing juvenile mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the comparative routine costs of producing live algae in a commercial bivalve hatchery. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication No. 26, Oostende, Belgium. pp. 64–65.
DeLa Roche, J.P., Marin, B., Freites, L. & Velez, A. 2002. Embryonic development and larval and post-larval growth of the tropical scallop Nodipecten (=Lyropecten) nodosus (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Pectinidae). Aquaculture Research, 33: 819–827.
DiSalvo, L.H., Alarcón, E., Martinez, E. & Uribe, E. 1984. Progress in mass culture of Chlamys (Argopecten) purpurata Lamarck (1819) with notes on its natural history. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 57: 35–45.
Dortch, Q. 1982. Effect of growth conditions on accumulation of internal nitrate, ammonium, amino acids, and protein in three marine diatoms. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 61: 242–264.
Dredge, M., Duncan, P., Heasman, M., Johnston, B., Joll, L., Mercer, J., Souter, D. & Whittingham, T. 2002. Feasibility of scallop enhancement and culture in Australian waters. Project Report Q002010. Department of Primary Industries. Queensland Government, Australia.
Duggan, W.P. 1975. Reactions of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians to gradual reductions in salinity. Chesapeake Science, 16(4): 284–286.
Enright, C.T., Newkirk, G.F., Craigie, J.S. & Castell, J.D. 1986. Evaluation of phytoplankton as diets for juvenile Ostrea edulis L. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 96: 1–13.
Epifanio, C.E., Valenti, C.C. & Turk, V.L. 1981. A comparison of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana as foods for the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture, 23: 347–353.
Fabregas, J., Herrero, C., Cabezas, B. & Abalde, J. 1986. Biomass production and biochemical composition in mass cultures of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke at varying nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 53: 101–113.
Farias, A., Uriarte, I. & Castilla, J.C. 1998. A biochemical study of the larval and postlarval stages of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Aquaculture, 66(1-2): 37–47.
Gabbott, P.A. & Bayne, B.L. 1973. Biochemical effects of temperature and nutritive stress on Mytilus edulis L. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 53: 269–286.
Gallager, S.M. & Mann, R. 1981. Use of lipid-specific staining techniques for assaying condition in cultured bivalve larvae. J. Shell. Res., 1: 69–73.
Gallager, S.M. & Mann, R. 1986. Growth and survival of larvae of Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) relative to broodstock conditioning and lipid content of eggs. Aquaculture, 56: 105–121.
Gruffydd, I.L.D. 1976. The development of the larva of Chlamys islandica in the plankton and its salinity tolerance in the laboratory (Lamellibranchia, Pectinidae). Astarte, 8: 61–67.
Gruffyd, L.K. & Beaumont, A.R. 1972. A method for rearing Pecten maximus larvae in the laboratory. Marine Biology, 15: 350–355.
Gruffyd, L.D. & Beaumont, A.R. 1970. Determination of the optimum concentration of eggs and spermatozoa for the production of normal larvae in Pecten maximus (Mollusca, Lamellibranchia). Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters, 20: 486–497.
Hadfield, M.G. 1977. Chemical induction in larval settling of a marine gastropod. Marine Natural Products Chemistry. Faulkner, D.J & Fenical, W.H., eds.) Plenum Press, New York. pp. 403–413.
Heasman, M., Diemar, J., O'Connor, W., Sushames, T. & Foulkes, L. 2000. Development of extended shelf-life micro-algae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs – a summary. Aquacult. Res., 31: 637–659.
Heasman, M.P., O'Connor, W.A. & Frazer, A.W. 1996. Temperature and nutrition as factors in conditioning broodstock of the commercial scallop Pecten fumatus Reeve. Aquaculture, 75–90.
Hohn, C., Sarkis, S. & Helm, M. 2001. The effect of algal food rations on growth and survival of Pecten ziczac and Argopecten gibbus. Proceedings of the 13th International Pectinid Workshop, April 18–24, 2001, Coquimbo, Chile.
Hodgson, C.A. & Bourne, N. 1988. Effect of temperature on larval development of the spiny scallop, Chlamys hastata Sowerby, with a note on metamorphosis. J. Shell. Res., 7(3): 349–357.
Huguenin, J.E. & Colt, K. 2002. Design and operating guide for aquaculture seawater systems- second edition. Elsevier Science B.V. The Netherlands. 328 pp.
Jespersen, H. & Olsen, K. 1982. Bioenergetics in veliger larvae of Mytilus edulis L. Ophelia, 21(1): 101–113.
Kasyanov, V.L. 1991. Development of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay 1985). In An International Compendium of Scallop Biology and Culture. Shumway, S.E. & Sandifer, P.A., eds. World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.
Kingzett, B.C., Bourne, N. & Leask, K. 1990. Induction of metamorphosis of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis Jay. J. Shell. Res., 9(1): 119–124.
Kraeuter, J.N., Castagna, M. & Van Dessel, R. 1982. Egg size and larval survival of Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) and Argopecten irradians (Lamarck). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 56: 3–8.
Laing, I. 1987. The use of artificial diets in rearing bivalve spat. Aquaculture, 65: 243–249.
Langdon, C.J. & Siegfried, C.A. 1984. Progress in the development of artificial diets for bivalve filter feeders. Aquaculture, 39: 135–153.
Langdon, C. & Onal, E. 1999. Replacement of living microalgae with spray-dried diets for the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquaculture, 180(3-4): 13–22.
Lim, L.C., Dhert, P. & Sorgeloos, P. 2003. Recent developments and improvements for ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport. Aquac. Res., 34: 923–935.
Lim, L.C., Wong, C.C., Koh, C.H., Dhert, P. & Sorgeloos, P. 2000. A stress resistance test for quality evaluation of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) (Abstract). In Agrifood & Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore, Abstract Book of First AVA Technical Seminar 1 September 2000. pp. 4–5.
Lodeiros, C., Freites, L., Fernandez, E., Velez, A. & Bastardo, J. 1989. Efecto antibiotico de tres bacterias marinas en la supervivencia de larvas de la vieira Pecten ziczac infectadas con el germen Vibrio anguillarium. Bol. Inst. Oceanog. Venezuela, Univ. Oriente, 28: 165–169.
Lodeiros, C.J. & Himmelman, J.H. 1994. Relations among environmental conditions and growth in the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac L. in suspended cultures in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture, 199: 345–358.
Lodeiros, C.J. & Himmelman, J.H. 2000. Identification of factors affecting growth and survival of the tropical scallop Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L.) in Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture, 182: 91–114.
Loosanoff, V.L. & Davis, H.C. 1963. Rearing of bivalve mollusks. Adv. Mar. Biol., 1: 1–136.
Lu, Y.T. & Blake, N.J. 1996. Optimum concentrations of Isochrysis galbana for growth of larval and juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say). J. Shell. Res., 15(3): 635–643.
Lucas, A. & Beninger, P.G. 1985. The use of physiological condition indices in marine bivalve. Aquaculture, 44: 187–200.
Maeda-Martinez, A.N., Siscard, M.T. & Reynoso-Granados, T. 2000. A shipment method for scallop seed. J. Shell. Res., 19(2): 765–770.
Maguire, J.A., Cashmore, D. & Burnell, G. 1999. The effect of transportation on juvenile scallops Pecten maximus (L.). Aquac. Res., 30: 325–333.
Manuel, S. 2001. Reproduction and spat settlement of Euvola ziczac around Bermuda. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool, U.K.
Maru, K. 1985. Tolerance of scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) to temperature and specific gravity during early developmental stages. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido. Fish. Expl. Stn., 27: 55­–64.
Moal, J., Martin-Jezequel, V., Harris, R.P., Samain, J.F. & Poulet, S.A. 1987. Interspecific variability of the chemical composition of marine phytoplankton. Oceanol. Acta, 10: 339–346.
Monsalvo-Spencer, P., Maeda-Martinez, A.N. & Reynoso-Granados, T. 1997. Reproductive maturity and spawning induction in the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus (=circularis) (Sowerby II, 1842). J. Shell. Res., 16(1): 67–70.
Moyer, M. & Blake, N.J. 1986. Fluctuations in calico scallop production (Argopecten gibbus). Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Conference of the Americas. pp. 45–58.
Naidenko, T. 1991. The laboratory culture of two scallop species from the sea of Japan: Development and induction of metamorphosis. In IFREMER, Actes de Colloques. No. 17: 107–110.
Neima, P.G. & Kenchington, E. 1997. Report on commercial scallop hatchery design. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 2176. 55 pp.
Nell, J.A. & O'Connor, W.A. 1991. The evaluation of fresh algae and stored algal concentrates as a food source for Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) larvae. Aquaculture, 94: 65–78.
O'Connor, W.A. & Heasman, M.P. 1997. Diet and feeding regimens for larval doughboy scallops, Mimachlamys asperrima. Aquaculture, 158: 289–303.
Paquotte, P. & Fleury, P.-G. 1994. Analyse technique et financiere d’un projet d’elevage de coquilles Saint-Jacques de l’ecloserie jusqu’a la recapture des semis. IFREMER. RIDRV-94.13/SEM Paris –R.A. Brest. 37 pp.
Parsons, G.J., Dadswell, M.J. & Roff, J.C. 1993. Influence of biofilm on settlement of sea scallop, Plactopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791), in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada. J. Shell. Res., 12(2): 279–283.
Paulet, Y.M., Lucas, A. & Gerard, G. 1988. Reproduction and larval development in two Pecten maximus (L.) populations from Brittany. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 119: 145–156.
Peirson, W.M. 1983. Utilization of eight algal species by the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 68: 1–11.
Pezzuto, P.R. & Borzone, C.A. 1997. The scallop Pecten ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) fishery in Brazil. J. Shell. Res., 16: 527–532.
Roe, R.B., Cummins Jr., R. & Bullis Jr., H.R. 1971. Calico scallop distribution, abundance, and yield off eastern Florida, 1967-1968. Fish. Bull., 69: 399–409.
Rojas, L.M., Velez, A. & Azuaje, O. 1988. Effecto indiviual y combinado de la densidad larval y la racion de alimento sobre la supervivencia y crecimiento de la vieira, Pecten ziczac. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Venezuela, Univ. Oriente, 27(1&2): 57–62.
Rupp, G.S. 1997. Desenvolvimento de tecnologia de producao de sementes Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae). Informe Final. Program RHAE/ PIBIO-UFSC. 57 pp.
Sarkis, S. 1987. Gross biochemical composition and shell growth of Crassostrea gigas spat, fed seven types of algal diets. Haliotis, 16: 413–425.
Sarkis, S. 1995. Scallop culture in Bermuda: A saga. Actes de Colloques IFREMER 17: 115–121.
Sarkis, S., Boettcher, A., Ueda, N. & Hohn, C. 2005. A simple transport procedure for juvenile scallops, Argopecten gibbus, (Linnaeus, 1758). J. Shell. Res. 24(2): 377–380.
Sarkis, S., Helm, M. & Hohn, C. 2006. Larval rearing of calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, in a flow-through system. Aquacult. Int.
Sastry, A.N. 1965. The development and external morphology of pelagic larval and post-larval stages of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians concentricus Say, reared in the laboratory. Bull. Mar. Sc., 15(2): 418–435.
Schulte, E.H. 1975. Influence of algal concentration and temperature on the filtration rate of Mytilus edulis. Marine Biology, 30: 331–341.
Southgate, P.C. & Beer, A.C. 1997. Hatchery and early nursery culture of the blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.). J. Shell. Res. 16(2): 561–567.
Southgate, P.C. & Ito, M. 1998. Evaluation of a partial flow-through culture technique for pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) larvae. Aquacultural Engineering 18(1): 1­–7.
Sterrer, W. 1986. Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. A systematic Guide to the identification of Marine Organisms. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 742 pp.
Uriarte, I., Farias, A. & Munoz, C. 1996. Cultivo en hatchery y pre-engorde del ostion del norte, Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) en el sur de Chile. Rev. Biol. Mar. Valparaiso 31(2): 81–90.
Velez, A., Sotillo, F. & Perez, J. 1987. Variacion estacional de la composicion quimica de los pectinidos Pecten ziczac y Lyropecten nodosus. Bol. Inst. Oceanog. Venezuela, Univ. Oriente, 26: 67–72.
Velez, A. & Lodeiros, C.J. 1990. El cultivo de moluscos en Venezuela. In Cultivo de Moluscos en America Latina. A. Hernandez, ed. Red Regional de Entidades y Centros de Acuicultura de America Latina. CIID-Canada. pp. 345–369.
Velez, A., Alifa, E. & Freites, L. 1993. Induccion de la reproducion en la vieira Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (Mollusca: Bivalvia) maduracion y desove. Carib. J. Sc., 29: 209–213.
Ventilla, R.F. 1982. The scallop industry in Japan. Adv. Mar. Biol., 20: 309–382.
Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Second Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Volkman, J.K., Jeffrey, S.W., Nichols, P.D., Rogers, G.I. & Garland, C.D. 1989. Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 128: 219–240.
Waller, T.R. 1969. The evolution of the Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia) with emphasis on the tertiary and quarternary species of eastern North America. J. Paleont., 43(Suppl.): 1–125.
Whyte, J.N.C. 1987. Biochemical composition and energy content of six species of phytoplankton used in mariculture of bivalves. Aquaculture, 60: 231–241.
Whyte, J.N.C., Bourne, N. & Hodgson, C.A. 1989. Influence of algal diets on biochemical composition and energy reserves in Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) larvae. Aquaculture, 78: 333–347.
Whyte, J.N.C., Bourne, N. & Hodgson, C.A. 1990. Nutritional condition of rock scallop, Crassadoma gigantea (Gray), larvae fed mixed algal diets. Aquaculture, 86: 25–40.
Wikfors, G.H., Twarog, J.W. & Ukeles, R. 1984. Influence of chemical composition of algal food sources in growth of juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole, Mass.), 167: 251–263.
Wilson, J.H. 1980. Particle retention and selection by larvae and spat of Ostrea edulis in algal suspensions. Mar. Biol. 57: 135–145.