7 Conclusions

• In this paper results of the application of the processes and steps for improving spatial planning and sustainable management of marine finfish aquaculture facilities in South-East Asia are presented. The effectiveness of the stepwise application with regard to scoping, zoning, site selection and carrying capacity is demonstrated for a site in the northwest of Bali, Indonesia;

• Methods adopted for site selection and estimation of ECC based primarily on hydrodynamics from simulation models enable assessments at the feasibility level in sites with scarce data. Methods proved to be effective to support and regulate the development of marine finfish aquaculture in sites where the activity is already well established as shown in the paper.
In addition they provide guidance in the planning and identification of potential areas for expansion of the activity. Validation using in-situ observations confirmed the adequacy of the methods for estimation of farm carrying capacities in sites in Indonesia;
• Marine finfish aquaculture is currently a small-scale industry in Indonesia, but as the majority of farms use traditional technology the potential for expansion in the existing sites is ample. As shown here with proper rearrangement and spreading of farms in conjunction with controlled raises in farm production using the proposed spatial planning tools, fish production could be increased without harm to the environment;

• Coastal areas in Indonesia offer excellent conditions for expansion of the activity. However, care should be taken in the selection of sites, as most of these areas are ecologically sensitive. Hence in addition to good environmental characteristics, sites should be located downstream from important ecosystems. Site selection should also account for conflicts with other activities and emphasis should be given on access to target markets and production infrastructure;
• The trend towards larger farms using several units with circular cages is demanding the adoption of new techniques for estimation of carrying capacities in the early stage of projects. Carrying capacities should be estimated at farm level and accounting for cumulative effects of all the farms in the environment.
The allocation of licences and specification of EIA should be based on these assessments. Existing regulations for licencing and EIA in Indonesia are cumbersome and should be reviewed. Key criteria for impact assessment and acceptable limits of ecosystem change should be established;
• Basic biosecurity rules should be applied at farm levels. In particular stricter quality control of seeds and feeds, and extensions of the existing costeffective early warning systems for detecting changes in water quality properties should be adopted;
• Regulations should be better enforced and complied with. More effective and efficient enforcement of technical and managerial procedures is needed to implement the available plans and to build the necessary capacity and manpower to address an array of old and new responsibilities. This requires scientific knowledge and technical and managerial skills, particularly at the local level;
• Capacity building has an important role to play in the years to come. Investment and efforts should create a cadre of personnel equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills in selected technical, scientific and management aspects of aquaculture.
Capacity building should be based on a thorough identification of top priorities and the application of a mix of training and non-training approaches, plus practice and application of learning to a demonstration case.